有鑑於我國的獎勵造林政策並未將森林所提供的生態系統服務納入經濟誘因設計中。隨著20年期的平地造林契約將至，對於既有大型平地森林園區後續如何藉由土地利用管理策略來提升人工林的棲地品質，並使其朝向更佳永續的土地利用模式？如何使居民從野生動物保育政策中獲得實質的益處，進而支持或共同參與園區的棲地品質提升計畫？如何藉由永續土地利用模式，修復因產業結構轉型而逐漸弱化的社會─生態系統？皆為當前亟需思考的問題。因此本研究以大農大富平地森林園區為例，不僅因地理位置與造林規模具有串聯中央山脈與海岸山脈綠廊之潛力，也因是僅存可見第二級「珍貴稀有保育類」的朱鸝（Oriolus traillii）與環頸雉（Phasianus colchicus）族群的區域，具有扮演野生動物通道之潛力；惟本地區農民長期與野生動物因農損產生衝突，因此如何降低野生動物所帶來的負面衝擊，使居民支持或共同參與保育政策亦為需克服的議題。基此本研究試圖應用InVEST模型的棲地品質（Habitat Quality）評估工具、選擇試驗法（CE）、以及地理資訊系統（GIS）軟體，整合社會科學領域中的居民的認知、態度、參與生態服務給付（PES）計畫的意願與對土地利用管理模式的偏好，及社會、文化、經濟與空間特徵等因素，與自然科學領域中對於珍貴稀有保育類鳥種的棲息環境條件因素，以建構平森園區的永續土地利用模式評估框架來回答上述問題。

本研究發現（1）整合永續生產、友善野生動物、農業多樣性棲地營造概念的「永續土地利用管理PES計畫」，並從勞動日薪與生態獎勵金兩種不同的經濟誘因工具來激勵青壯年人口共同參與區內提升棲地的多樣性與品質的方式，不僅在「國土生態保育綠色網絡計畫」已顯示有其必要性外，經本研究實證結果也顯示具有顯著的效果。（2）依據標的物種的不同和空間特徵的差異性會影響棲地品質評估結果；而朱鸝與環頸雉雖代表不同生態區位，但對於土地變遷都具有良好的調適能力。（3）應用GIS軟體建立「大農大富平地森林園區土地利用與資源管理平台」不僅能有效整合民眾的觀點與態度及環境面與經濟面向的評估結果，也能有效地將空間異質特性納入決策評估系統中。（4）混農林業模式具有助於提升平森園區的森林食物資源、活化造林地被林相，進而促進朱鸝及環頸雉的棲地品質與保護生物多樣性的潛力，但取決於不同的混農林業模式的植物種類和結構組成，與人為的管理強度和干擾程度。（5）無論是勞動參與或是承租契作PES計畫，不僅不同居民群體對PES計畫內容的偏好具差異性，參加兩種PES方案的族群在空間分佈上亦具有顯著差異性。（6）應用農林邊際效應對提升鳥類多樣性之論點，後續可以平森園區為核心逐步向外輔導私人田區，並依民眾潛在參與友善環境農業意願的不同及受野生動物影響程度的差異，提出優先推廣或輔導的序位。

This research attempts to use the Habitat Quality assessment tool of the InVEST model, Choice experiments (CE) methodlogy, and the geographic information system (GIS) software to integrated PES, agroforestry system of sustainable production, wildlife-friendly, and agricultural habitat diversity concepts into the sustainable land use management (SLUM) framework of Danongdafu Forest Park (DFP). Achieve the following goals by establishing a SLUM framework: 1) Improve the habitat quality of DFP, 2) Enable residents to obtain substantial benefits from policies, thereby improving habitat quality, 3) Towards environmental, social and economic sustainable development.

This study evaluates the residents’ values for the type of sustainable production, wildlife-friendly, agricultural habitat diversity, contract length, and WTA monetary attributes (WAGE and BONUS) associated with ESs and the SLUM in DFP. 1) We found that local residents would like to participate in the labor and the lease contract PES schemes of the SLUM in DFP, especially those between 20 and 59 years old. 2) We found the effects to habitat quality depends on species and spatial heterogeneity. For "Oriolus traillii" and "Phasianus colchicus", they are resilient to the LULC change that happened. 3) A GIS platform can integrate the awareness and attitudes of the respondents, but also assess spatial distribution based on the InVEST and CE results. 4) The agroforestry system in DFP has the potential to increase food resource and create a diverse community structure of understory vegetation, thereby improving the habitats quality of "Oriolus traillii" and "Phasianus colchicus", also protecting biodiversity. However, it depends on the species and structural composition of plants in agroforests as well as the degree of the management intensity and human disturbance in these systems. 5) Whether the labor or the lease contract PES schemes of SLUM, it has not only heterogeneous preferences, but also spatial heterogeneity. 6) Based on the view that “the edge effects across woodland borders have higher protection value for bird communities”, DFP can be a core, and then buffer zones can be set up to make recommendations for policy promotion or priority advocacy based on local differences. These differences include residents' willingness to participate PES scheme of SLUM and the degree of conflict between humans and wildlife.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究範圍與對象 8
第三節 名詞定義與研究架構 9
第四節 研究流程 13

第二章 文獻回顧 15
第一節 生態系統服務與生態服務給付 15
第二節 選擇試驗法於農林業環境政策之應用 35
第三節 土地利用變遷與生態系統服務和權衡綜合評估工具 40

第三章 研究設計 43
第一節 研究方法與工具 43
第二節 研究設計說明 50

第四章 平森園區及周邊地區之現況與變遷趨勢分析 67
第一節 相關農業與空間政策分析 67
第二節 1970年至2010年土地利用變遷分析 74
第三節 社會經濟之現況與變遷趨勢分析 86
第四節 標的物種─朱鸝與環頸雉歷年棲地品質變化分析 92

第五章 永續土地利用管理PES計畫實證分析結果 103
第一節 敘述統計分析結果 103
第二節 獨立且不相干方案（IIA）之假設檢定結果 111
第三節 勞動參與PES計畫多重屬性效用函數估計結果 115
第四節 承租契作PES計畫多重屬性效用函數估計結果 119

第六章 空間群聚熱點分析結果 125
第一節 友善環境農業潛力族群之空間分佈 125
第二節 友善環境農業潛力族群之空間群聚熱點分析 134

第七章 綜合討論 141
第一節　棲地品質與潛在參與優化版PES方案族群之綜合討論 141
第二節　應用平森園區永續土地利用模式於本地區棲地品質提升策略 145
第三節 不同立場觀點對於「勞動參與」與「承租契作」之差異性分析 162

第八章 結論與建議 179
第一節 研究結論 179
第二節 後續建議 181

參考文獻 185

附錄一 問卷範本 209
附錄二 有機農業獎勵及補貼辦法 215
附錄三 瀕危物種及重要棲地生態服務給付推動方案 219
附錄四 林下經濟經營使用審查作業要點 227

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